Zakat is an Islamic system of income redistribution where, each year, individuals have to pay a portion of their assets (including cash, property, and marketable securities) to the poor. It can also be collectively pooled and used for social welfare projects by the government.

A Social Impact Bond is a funding model where governments arrange for private investors to fund a service provider to solve a social problem. The government only repays the investors if the project is successful. Metrics for success are set out in the original contract. If successful, the government repays the investors’ upfront investment plus an additional premium. Examples of social impact bonds include:
In the US, Goldman Sachs bought a bond to reduce prisoner recidivism in New York, and will only receive a return if teenage recidivism is reduced by more than 10%.
In Australia, the NSW Government arranged for investors to invest in a program that seeks to prevent family breakdown by keeping children in their families, rather than out of home care. The higher the rate of children staying in their families, the more the government repays the investors.

India’s traditional village councils (panchayats) are local self-governance systems that operate in rural villages or remote small-towns. These Councils are comprised of local elders. They function as de-facto courts that adjudicate all disputes (civil and criminal) that arise within these villages and issue punishments at their own discretion.

The Made in China 2025 policy is the Chinese Communist Party’s $US300 billion plan to heavily subsidise emerging manufacturing industries including robotics, autonomous cars, AI, biotech and aviation, in order to make China self sufficient in those sectors. There are also recurring concerns that China is pursuing this policy in part by stealing other countries’ intellectual property.

United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) is Malaysia’s leading Opposition political party. They were the founding and largest members of the Barisan Nasional Coalition that ruled in Malaysia for over 50 years until the recent election. UMNO’s political platform has always been to privilege ethnic Malay-Muslims.

Many films in the Disney Renaissance era featured dark story themes that are less present in Disney films today. For example, ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame’ featured themes such as lust, infanticide, damnation and sin; ‘Pocahontas’ featured themes such as colonialism and murder; and ‘The Lion King’ featured a fairly visceral on-screen murder.

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity. Pain scales are based on trust where a patient 'self-reports' the pain they feel on a scale of 0 to 10 to doctors, who then prescribe them painkillers accordingly.

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity. Pain scales are based on trust where a patient 'self-reports' the pain they feel on a scale of 0 to 10 to doctors, who then prescribe them painkillers accordingly.